tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37502412144695208842024-03-08T04:32:16.136+01:00Tree of LifeDe hypothese dat alle organismen op aarde aan elkaar verwant zijn is immens. Dagelijks worden kleine puzzelstukjes toegevoegd aan deze grote puzzel en ik wil zoveel mogelijk van die puzzelstukjes zien.Terrencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09677033758167939992noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3750241214469520884.post-82165158313922118942011-06-30T13:56:00.001+02:002011-06-30T13:57:24.770+02:00Geslaagd!Geslaagd voor me vwo! Nou om eerlijk te zijn niet helemaal. Toen ik aan het volwassenonderwijs begon afgelopen september had ik alle vwo vakken. Gaandeweg heb ik eerst Duits en later me profielwerkstuk laten vallen. Daardoor heb ik zeven vakken gehaald op het vwo met toch wel mooie cijfers: Nederlands (6), Engels (8), biologie (7), scheikunde (7), wiskunde (7), natuurkunde (6) en aardrijkskunde (7). Zonder een herkansing te moeten doen overigens. Voor deze vakken krijg ik dus deelcertificaten en met deze deelcertificaten kan ik biologie gaan studeren. Niet helemaal geslaagd dus, maar ik heb wel me doel bereikt!<br />
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Dit blog is door school wat stil gevallen, vanaf nu gaat daar weer verandering in komen, want ik heb het wel gemist.Terrencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09677033758167939992noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3750241214469520884.post-74148082703174668552011-01-08T16:24:00.002+01:002011-01-08T16:29:50.685+01:00Populatiegenetica simulator Red Lynx<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Een manier om erachter te komen wat op genetisch gebied kan gebeuren met een populatie is door te simuleren met bepaalde parameters. Één zo'n programma heet </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Red Lynx</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, gemaakt door </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://dererumnatura.us/" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Reed Cartwright</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> en is te vinden op het </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://pandasthumb.org/sims/" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Panda'sThumb blog</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> en </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://scit.us/redlynx/" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">deze site</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. Red Lynx is pas vernieuwd (ik ken de vorige versie niet) en het ziet er goed uit. Specifiek berekend Red Lynx de frequentie van 'allel A' in een populatie over generaties. Allel A is de versie van een gen waarbij de simulatie de frequentie wil berekenen. Na de sim is het resultaat een grafiek met op de X-as het aantal generaties en op de Y-as de populatiegrootte met allel A in procenten. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Geen downloads, hij werkt lekker snel en gegevens invoeren gaat ook gemakkelijk.</strong></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3750241214469520884" id="pagebreak" name="pagebreak" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Als er onderweg dingen onduidelijk worden, aarzel niet te vragen!</strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Waar je allemaal aan kunt rommelen:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">- de populatiegrootte: van 10 tot 1.000.000 <strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">diploïde</strong> individuen.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">- de frequentie van allel A in het begin: van 0 tot 100%.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">- de kracht van natuurlijke selectie, het voordeel van genotype AA over aa: van -1 tot 1.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">- de dominantie van allel A: van -1 (volledig recessief) tot 1 (volledig dominant).<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">*</strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">- de kans dat allel A muteert naar allel a: van 0 tot 0.01.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">- de kans dat allel a muteert naar allel A: van 0 tot 0.01.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">- aantal generaties dat de simulatie loopt: van 1 tot 10.000 generaties.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">*</span></strong><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Wanneer deze parameter op 1 staat is het hebben van het genotype Aa hetzelfde als het hebben van het genotype AA. Wanneer deze parameter op -1 staat, dan staat alleen het genotype AA onder invloed van natuurlijke selectie.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Als eerste wilde ik het effect testen van <a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetische_drift" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">genetische drift</a> (genetic drift). Het effect van genetische drift is sterker in een kleine populatie.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dit stopte ik in de sim:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Populatiegrootte: 40</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Frequentie van allel A: 50%</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">De selectie kracht: 0</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dominantie: 0 (semi dominant)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A->a mutatiesnelheid: 0</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">a->A mutatiesnelheid: 0</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Aantal generaties: 200</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Resultaat:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="400" src="http://img228.imageshack.us/img228/4039/geneticdrift1.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="537" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">(40 individuen)</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Het allel dat we volgen verspreid zich door toeval door de populatie. Met zo'n kleine populatie is de kans groot dat het allel of verdwijnt (0%) of dat het als enige allel over blijft (100%).</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Daarna deed ik nog 2 sims met een populatiegrootte van respectievelijk 400 en 4.000 individuen (de rest bleef hetzelfde):</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="400" src="http://img97.imageshack.us/img97/1104/geneticdrift2.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="525" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">(400 individuen)</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="400" src="http://img248.imageshack.us/img248/3922/geneticdrift3.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="525" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">(4.000 individuen)</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Daarna wilde ik het effect testen van <a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurlijke_selectie" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">natuurlijke selectie</a>. Hoe snel een bepaald allel zich verspreid onder natuurlijke selectie wordt bepaald door hoeveel voordeel dat allel bied (in deze simulatie is dat de 3de parameter: de selectie kracht). Het grappige is dat natuurlijke selectie beter werkt in een grote populatie dan in een kleine populatie. Als de populatie grootte en/of het voordeel van het allel te klein zijn, dan gedraagt het allel zich alsof het een neutraal effect heeft. Dat betekend dat je niet kan zien of natuurlijke selectie aan het werk is, of genetische drift (hetzelfde geldt voor te licht negatieve mutaties).</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dit stopte ik in de sim:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Populatiegrootte: 40</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Frequentie van allel A: 50%</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">De selectie kracht: 0.003</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dominantie: 0 (semi dominant)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A->a mutatiesnelheid: 0</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">a->A mutatiesnelheid: 0</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Aantal generaties: 200</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="383" src="http://img823.imageshack.us/img823/1211/natselectie1.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="521" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">(40 individuen)</strong></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Van de selectie kracht merk je niks, je zou hem net zo goed op 0 kunnen zetten. Hier gedraagt het allel zich alsof het geen effect heeft.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Daarna deed ik nog 3 sims met een populatiegrootte van respectievelijk 400, 4.000 en 40.000. Bij deze 3 sims ging het aantal generaties ook naar 1.000.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="383" src="http://img810.imageshack.us/img810/6969/natselectie2.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="521" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">(400 individuen)</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><img alt="" height="383" src="http://img237.imageshack.us/img237/2875/natselectie3.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="521" /></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">(4.000 individuen)</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><img alt="" height="383" src="http://img517.imageshack.us/img517/7295/natselectie4.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="521" /></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">(40.000 individuen)</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Des te groter de populaties worden, des te meer de aparte sims op elkaar gaan lijken (minder toeval, meer echte selectie). Hetzelfde effect gebeurt als de selectie kracht sterker wordt (hoger dan 0.003 dus).</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Zoals ik al zei geldt hetzelfde voor licht negatieve mutaties:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Populatiegrootte: 40</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Frequentie van allel A: 50%</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">De selectie kracht: -0.003</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dominantie: 0 (semi dominant)</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A->a mutatiesnelheid: 0</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">a->A mutatiesnelheid: 0</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Aantal generaties: 200</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="383" src="http://img36.imageshack.us/img36/4995/negallel1.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="521" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">(40 individuen)</strong></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ook hier lijkt de selectie kracht hetzelfde als bij de sims voor genetische drift (0).</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Daarna deed ik nog 3 sims met een populatiegrootte van respectievelijk 400, 4.000 en 40.000. Bij deze drie sims ging het aantal generaties ook naar 1.000.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="383" src="http://img808.imageshack.us/img808/8918/negallel2.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="521" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">(400 individuen)</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><img alt="" height="383" src="http://img411.imageshack.us/img411/2283/negallel3.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="521" /></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">(4.000 individuen)</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><img alt="" height="383" src="http://img248.imageshack.us/img248/4528/negallel4.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="521" /></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">(40.000 individuen)</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ook hier zien we dat natuurlijke selectie beter werkt op negatieve allelen als de populatie groter is. Hetzelfde gebeurt als de negatieve invloed van het allel groter wordt (lager dan -0.003 selectie kracht).</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Het is leuk om zelf te rommelen met deze sim, kijken hoelang het duurt voordat allel A fixeert in een bepaalde populatie bij een bepaalde selectie sterkte. Of om verschillende populatiegroottes met dezelfde selectie sterkte vergelijken. Er zijn ook nog 3 extra parameters waarmee ik in dit voorbeeld niks gedaan heb.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">De sim geeft ook dingen tot nadenken over de natuur om ons heen, welke populaties op Aarde zijn nu zo klein dat natuurlijke selectie bijna geen effect heeft? Welke waren dat in het verleden?</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Nogmaals de link naar de sim:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://scit.us/redlynx/">http://scit.us/redlynx/</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">En hier de link naar een post op het blog met commentaar en vragen van andere gebruikers:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://pandasthumb.org/archives/2010/07/red-lynx-simula.html">http://pandasthumb.org/archives/2010/07/red-lynx-simula.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;">Dit bericht verscheen </span>maandag 2 augustus 2010 om 0:42 uur <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;">op mijn Tree of Life VK-blog (<a href="http://www.vkblog.nl/bericht/327245/Een_beetje_rommelen_met_een_populatie_genetica_simulator.">link</a>), dat blog is per 1 maart 2011 niet meer bereikbaar.</span></div>Terrencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09677033758167939992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3750241214469520884.post-44420997737408898442011-01-08T14:11:00.003+01:002011-01-08T16:31:29.951+01:00"Maakt mij niet uit dat het fossiel 7 kootjes heeft, ik teken er 5!"<div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><u><img alt="" height="152" mce_src="http://en.academic.ru/pictures/enwiki/73/Ichthyostega_BW.jpg" src="http://en.academic.ru/pictures/enwiki/73/Ichthyostega_BW.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; cursor: move;" width="400" /></u></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span mce_style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;">Zo zou <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span> eruit hebben gezien (naar de reconstructie van Ahlberg <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> uit 2005), d</span></span></span><span mce_style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;">e kleuren zijn niet op waarheid berust, helaas kunnen we die (nog?) niet achterhalen. Bron: google images.</span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Ichthyostega</i> is zo'n beetje de bekendste viervoeter uit het Devoonse tijdperk. Exemplaren van dit geslacht zijn gevonden in het oosten van Groenland in aardlagen van ongeveer 365 miljoen jaar oud. In die tijd lag Groenland dichter bij de evenaar en was het niet zo koud. Het beestje kon ruim één meter lang worden.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Dit geslacht is in 1932 beschreven door paleontoloog Säve-Söderberg die enkele soorten tegelijk beschreef aan de hand van ruim een dozijn individuen. Säve-Söderberg stierf echter op jonge leeftijd (in 1948 op 38 jarige leeftijd) en Jarvik (zijn collega) kreeg de fossielen van <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span> in handen om er een uitgebreid verslag van te maken.</span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;">Jarvik had zelf uitstekend werk verricht met het onderzoeken van de bekendste Devoonse vis <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Eusthenopteron</span> (de vis met 'pootjes') en had zelf <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Acanthostega</span> benoemd. Hij was na Säve-Söderberg wellicht de meest geschikte voor de taak, maar deed er echter bijna 50 jaar over en heeft matig werk verricht (zeker in vergelijking met zijn werk over <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Eusthenopteron</span>). Hij begon goed, in 1952 publiceerde hij een artikel over het skelet (exclusief de kop) en later ging hij nog een keer op expeditie in het oosten van Groenland. In 1955 publiceerde hij zijn reconstructie van het complete skelet van <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span> en deze was bijgeschaafd in 1980. Zijn uiteindelijke versie publiceerde hij in 1996 in een monografie over <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span>.</span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;" style="font-size: 12px;"><img alt="" height="193" mce_src="http://blog.everythingdinosaur.co.uk/eusthenopteron.jpg" src="http://blog.everythingdinosaur.co.uk/eusthenopteron.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; cursor: move;" width="285" /><img alt="" height="220" mce_src="http://macroevolution.narod.ru/vertebrates/acanthostega.gif" src="http://macroevolution.narod.ru/vertebrates/acanthostega.gif" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; cursor: move;" width="250" /></span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;" style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px;"><b>Links <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Eusthenopteron</span>, de vis met 'pootjes', leefde zo'n 20 miljoen jaar voor <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span>.</b></span></span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;" style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px;"><b>Rechts <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Acanthostega</span>, een vroege viervoeter die in ongeveer dezelfde tijd (en gebied) leefde als <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span>, zijn poten zijn te zwak om (lang) op het land te kunnen lopen. Bron: google images.</b></span></span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span> zag er in zijn reconstructie eruit als een echt landdier met een paar overblijfselen van een visachtige voorouder (zie hieronder). Er waren een paar vreemde kenmerken die<span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;"> Ichthyostega</span> bezat. <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span> had vinnen aan zijn staart en hele vreemde ribben. De ribben zijn aan het begin en uiteinde smal en in het midden heel breed en overlappen daarmee naaste ribben. De 'handen' waren onbekend en zijn dat ook tot op de dag van vandaag. <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span> had een vrij grote kop en sterke achterpoten. Jarvik gebruikte vaak vage en ongebruikte terminologie bij het benoemen van botjes. Hij had de stijgbeugel en het middenoor verkeerd en de wervelkolom was deels fantasie (om het even bot te zeggen). Jarvik hield ook nog vol dat Ichthyostega maar 5 kootjes had aan de achterpoten terwijl hij er duidelijk 7 kon zien. Me titel is beslist geen directe quote van Jarvik, maar het komt waarschijnlijk dicht in de buurt van zijn gedachten.</span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;" style="font-size: 12px;"><img alt="" height="136" mce_src="http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/150Tetrapoda/Images/IchthyostegaSkeleton.jpg" src="http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/150Tetrapoda/Images/IchthyostegaSkeleton.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; cursor: move;" width="500" /></span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;" style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span> na de reconstructie van Jarvik (uit 1996). Van de Palaeos website.</span></span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;">Jarvik was in 1996 ook al 89 jaar en er zullen maar weinig zijn die op die leeftijd nog even een monografie willen schrijven van ruim 200 bladzijden. Hij stierf twee jaar later. Andere paleontologen hebben uiteindelijk zijn fouten moeten corrigeren zoals Ahlberg, Clack en Blom.</span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;">In 2005 werd er in Nature een artikel gepubliceerd over <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span>. Een nieuwe reconstructie aan de hand van Ahlberg, Clack en Blom dankzij het bestuderen van bekende en nieuw gevonden individuen. De vernieuwde <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span> is in deze reconstructie meer een waterdier dat soms even op het land kroop. De belangrijkste verandering is in de wervelkolom. Alle wervels in Jarviks reconstructie zagen er hetzelfde uit. De wervelkolom in de nieuwe reconstructie heeft 4 gedeelten en elk gedeelte heeft een bepaalde vorm wervels. Na ruim 75 jaar ziet <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span> (afgezien de handen, maar die hebben we niet) er uit zoals hij waarschijnlijk moet zijn en dat lijkt mij wel het minste wat men kon doen voor zo'n beroemd fossiel:</span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;" style="font-size: 12px;"><img alt="" height="343" mce_src="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/images/nature03893-f1.2.jpg" src="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/images/nature03893-f1.2.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; cursor: move;" width="500" /></span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;" style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;" style="font-size: 10px;">A: <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span> na de reconstructie van Ahlberg et al. uit 2005. </span></span></span><span mce_style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;" style="font-size: 10px;">B: De reconstuctie van Jarvik uit 1996. </span></span></span><span mce_style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;" style="font-size: 10px;">C: Reconstructie van <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Acanthostega</span>. </span></span></span><span mce_style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;" style="font-size: 10px;">De zwarte balkjes zijn 100mm (10cm) lang. De verschillen tussen de reconstructies zijn goed te zien. Van Ahlberg <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 2005.</span></span></span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;" style="font-size: 10px;"><img alt="" height="480" mce_src="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/images/nature03893-f2.2.jpg" src="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/images/nature03893-f2.2.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; cursor: move;" width="400" /></span></span></span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span mce_style="font-size: 12px;" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px;">A: onderdeel MGUH VP 6115, de ribbenkas, voorpoot en een deel van de schedel is te zien. B: dezelfde onderdeel vanuit een andere positie. C: onderdeel MGUH VP 6140, de wervels van de onderrug. D: tekening van C. E: de reconstructie van <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span>, je kunt zien waar welk onderdeel past </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-weight: bold;">(zoals <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;" style="font-size: 10px;">MGUH VP 6115 en<span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-weight: bold;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10px;" style="font-size: 10px;">MGUH VP 6140) </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-weight: bold;">en hoe ze zo dus de reconstructie hebben kunnen maken. Van Ahlberg <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 2005.</span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Referenties:</span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ahlberg, P.E., Clack, J.A., Blom, H. (2005). <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/full/nature03893.html">The axial skeleton of the Devonian tetrapod <span class="Apple-style-span" mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Ichthyostega</span>.</a> <span mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;">Nature</span><span mce_style="font-style: italic;" style="font-style: italic;"> </span><span mce_style="font-weight: bold;" style="font-weight: bold;">437</span>, 137-140.</span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Palaeos over Jarvik en <i>Ichthyostega. </i>(<a href="http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/150Tetrapoda/150.200.html">link</a></span>)</span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div mce_style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dit bericht verscheen zaterdag 31 juli 2010 om 23:51 uur op mijn Tree of Life VK-blog (<a href="http://www.vkblog.nl/bericht/327102/%22Maakt_mij_niet_uit_dat_het_fossiel_7_kootjes_heeft,_ik_teken_er_5!%22#">link</a>), dat blog is per 1 maart 2011 niet meer bereikbaar.</span></div></div>Terrencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09677033758167939992noreply@blogger.com3